What if school was invented today?

Tuesday, August 12, 2014

Gamifying

Gamification

Educators can learn a great deal from the science of games. Children learn at an early age through playing different games. In fact many of these games are games that they made up themselves. The benefits of playing games extends beyond learning to the wellbeing of students. Play relieves stress, improves brain function, stimulates the mind and boosts creativity, improves relationships, and energizes.

Gamification

What is gamification? Gamification does not mean reducing learning to simplistic tasks or creating a game. It means making learning more fun and engaging while preserving the credibility of the lesson (Muntean, 2011).

Gamification v. Classroom Instruction (typical)

Elements	Instruction	Gamification
Set achievable goals within participant’s zone of proximal development.	X	X
Sequential graduation of difficulty	X	X
Generalization of skills	X	X
Engage students to learn	X	X
Anticipatory Set	X	X
Frequent checks for progress and understanding	X	X
Provide models	X	X
Guided Practice	X	X
Independent Practice	X	X
Utilizes social learning and collaboration	X	X
Consequences for not getting the right answer the first time	X
Allows multiple attempts until the learner solves the problem		X
Provides immediate feedback (a condition of flow)		X
Requires mastery of topic before moving on		X
Students earn points to achieve different levels of mastery		X
Students provided with intrinsic and tangible rewards as the learn	sometimes	X

Monday, April 21, 2014

Thinking in a blended world

When many teachers discuss teaching in a blended classroom, a flipped classroom, or just plain analog they are missing the point. Our world is already blended, but do students have the knowledge a skills to interact with it? The internet is no longer a thing that people go to a computer to access. Through wearable technology it has become become an intimate companion that walks with us throughout our life. Students have access to the internet and the information that it provides 24-7, as long as their data plan is funded. (Which raises issues of equity for low income students). Information has no longer become a thing that need to be memorized. Information has become a thing that needs to be evaluated and manipulated into a meaningful context. To prepare students for their future, they must receive instruction in different methods of thinking and solving problems.

While not the exact words of Einstein, the paraphrased version
of an New York Times Article: Atomic Education Urged
by Einstein 1946.

Linear Thinking

Simple cause-effect thinking that ignores the relationships between systems provides an incomplete view of the world. This type of thinking often results in negative unintended consequences. The movement to promote bio-fuels is a prime example of this. The linear thought behind this is that the US is capable of growing crops that can be easily transformed into fuel, reducing our dependency on foreign oil and pollution. Farmers will also benefit from increased demand on their crops as well. I wonder if anywhere in this process anyone asked about the wisdom of burning food in our gas tanks? Increase use of bio-fuels has resulted in more land being utilized for crops which has reduced the amount of land that is available for forests and grasslands that help to process carbon emissions. A study determined that it will take over 167 years for corn ethanol to make a difference in the carbon content of our atmosphere (Sexton, Rajagopal, Hochman, Zilberman, & Roland-Holst, 2009). Additionally, it will result in reduced biodiversity (Sexton et al., 2009). The impact of bio-fuels production on the water supply also needs to be considered, not only is the damand for water increased, the chemicals that are used in farming can contaminate the water supply (Sexton et al., 2009). Anyone that purchases their own groceries has noticed the increased prices of food that has resulted from the competition between the table and the gas tank. On a global scale food production per capita is decreasing (Sexton et al. 2009).

Systems Thinking

A systems thinking approach to bio-fuel might have resulted in a different decision. A systems approach examine the internal functioning of a system as well as its relationship with other systems. Systems thinking, developed in the 1940's has not gained popularity until recently. Instead design thinking has dominated much of the decision making processes until recently. The primary difference between the two problem solving methods is that design thinking does not include the external systems in the reasoning process. Additionally, systems thinking recognizes the complexity of global relationships and recognizes the futility in trying to control all of the variables, whereas design thinking assumes that the variables can be controlled. I would argue that either form of thinking is far superior to narrow cause-effect reasoning.

Importance of Learning Styles

Perhaps one of the reasons for the lack of emphasis on non-linear thinking is that it lends itself to a global learning style much more than a sequential learning style. Studies have found that learning styles are influenced by cultures (Sywelem, Al-Harbi, & Fathema, 2012). Global learners are in the minority and typically do not not perform as well in school, this may be because most teachers are also sequential learners themselves. Consequently, the information that is presented in classes is sequential without any accommodations for global learning styles. Even the new Common Core standards which is meant to instill 21st Century Skills, does not address non-linear thinking. Yet it is this type of thinking that is so important for developing sustainable development.
By Rob Koch

More information:

Systems Thinking in Schools: The Waters Foundation
The Cloud Institute
The Creative Learning Exchange

Kurilovas, E., Kubilinskiene, S., & Dagiene, V. (2014). Web 3.0 – Based personalisation of learning objects in virtual learning environments. Computers In Human Behavior, 30654-662. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.039

Sexton, S., Rajagopal, D., Hochman, G., Zilberman, D., & Roland-Holst, D. (2009). Biofuel policy must evaluate environmental, food security and energy goals to maximize net benefits. California agriculture, 63(4).

Sywelem, M., Al-Harbi, Q., Fathema, N., & Witte, J. E. (2012). Learning Style Preferences of Student Teachers: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Online Submission, 1, 10-24.

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Friday, April 11, 2014

Reforming Education

United Nations Development Program

What does learning look like? Somewhere along the way to improve education, it has been damaged. The awesomeness of "eureka" transformed into normative bubbles. The wonderful experience of falling down repeatedly until finally a first glorious step is taken replaced with a paralyzing fear of failure. Inspirational feats of high performance have been standardized.

In reading Andy Hargreaves' article, describing the ways that the educational system has changed, I found myself reflecting on the reason that I choose to be an educator. It was a long time ago, but I know that it was not to subject students to endless barrages of tests that arbitrarily label them as "partially-proficient" or "advanced." I do see the value of knowing where my students and my skills fall in relation to others. The series of reforms that the educational system has undergone in the past thirty years has helped move education forward; however, the road to improving education is far from complete.

Hargreaves (2009) classified the ways in which school reform has been implemented. The first way of reform involved teachers' independent efforts to increase pedagogical efficiency (Hargreaves, 2009). According to Hargreaves, the independent nature of teacher initiated reform resulted in an effort to standardized the educational system. The standardized system then resulted in Hargreaves' third way which involved top-down efforts to force reform on schools through a system of threats and intimidation.

Through an extensive study of educational reform and educational systems, Hargreaves (2009) derived a “Forth Way” to reform education, consisting of purposeful partnerships, principles of professionalism, and catalysts for coherence.

Five pillars of purposeful partnerships:

1. An inspiring inclusive vision: We need to develop a shared vision for education that addresses essential needs of society that extends beyond reading, writing, and arithmetic. The educational system needs to prepare students for their future.

2. Public engagement: Re-energize the public's passion for education

3. No achievement without investment: Educating children requires investments beyond money; society has to put forth the effort and time to educate their children. Replace technology time with time for tikes.

4. Corporate educational responsibility: Self-serving corporate support for educating children to learn skills that serve their industry needs to be changed to supporting the needs of society.

5. Students as partners in change: Empower students through establishing their responsibility for their training, and monitoring their success.

Three principles of professionalism

1. High-quality teachers: If we want high-quality people to teach then we must provide a competitive salary. Teachers also bear the responsibility of earning prestige and persevering the integrity of their profession.

2. Powerful professionalism: Teachers collaborate and challenge each other to increase the performance of the educational system.

3. Lively learning communities: Teachers involved in collaborative, data based, ongoing improvement to refine instruction.

Four catalysts of coherence:

1. Sustainable Leadership: The job of leading and managing a school involves an extensive number of factors resulting in leaders burning out. Utilize distributed leadership to increase stakeholder buy-in and share the responsibilities.

2. Net with no nanny: Professional network driven by a shared vision but without a "nanny" to intervene allowing teachers to deepen their practices free from the whims of trendy innovation.

3. Responsibility before accountability: Teachers are responsible for the performance of all children. Multiple sources of data continuously collected to monitor the performance of teachers.

4. Build from the bottom, steer from the top: Teachers set high standards objectives to improve learning through a system of collective responsibility.

The top-down reform measure of No Child Left Behind has resulted in increasing the number of schools classified as unacceptable and deemed “broken," by the US Secretary of Education. The idea that teachers have a monopoly on education is not viable. Educators and politicians must share the responsibility for education with parents, community members, corporations, and students. Somewhere the vision for education became meeting standards and not preparing students for their future.

By Rob Koch

References

Hargreaves, A. (2009), The fourth way of change: Towards an Age of inspiration and sustainability. in Hargreaves, A., & Fullan, M. (Eds.). (2009). Change wars. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree.

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